Increasing Poverty Among African Americans - 957 Words

In his discussion on poverty among African Americans, William Wilson has identified several historical factors that have contributed to the increase in poverty levels in the recent years. Such factors included, first, shift in the American economy from industrial to informational economy, thus limited the labor poll to only highly specialized individuals; second, the historical flow of migrants, and what it bring with it from competition over limited amount of resources; third, change in the urban minority age structure, where individuals who are underage are the majority in both Hispanic and African American poor communities, Fourth, population change in the inner city; and finally, the class transformation of inner city, where middle class African Americans, have left the inner city and moved towards other middle class neighborhoods, thus, leaving behind a concentration of poor and underclass African Americans in inner cities all across the United States. Wilson argued that the mos t important reason that helped in maintaining and increasing poverty among inner city African Americans is middle class flees from the poor neighborhoods. Thus, first, limiting social capital, in the form of strong and weak ties, for the poor and underclass youth population. Second, the middle class flee triggered with it the flee of business, investments, economic development, functional health and school systems; thus adding to the structural inequality which was already present in the AfricanShow MoreRelatedSocial Isolation And Its Impact On Social Capital1481 Words   |  6 Pagesengagement among people in poorer neighborhoods the findings are not significant enough to change the notion that social capital is eroding and therefore it is increasing social isolation amongst Americans. In this essay I’m going to talk about how Rankin and Quane findings actually correlate with Putnam’s and other author point of view on the erosion of social capital. Some of the exampl es we will be looking into is the effect Mothers have on social capital, the loss of trust amongst Americans, LackRead MoreAids : An African American Girl Who Was Suffering From Hiv Virus859 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2015, specifically in LA downtown, I met Sara who is an African American girl who was suffering from HIV virus. She told me her sadly story when she was having sexual things with random people just because of having money. She didn’t have any knowledge about this virus. So, because of that, she got the HIV virus, and she thanked god that she treated so long to be clean. So, some people in this world don’t know what the AIDS means. So, the AIDS is a dangerous virus that attack cells human’s immuneRead MoreHow Changes Of Marriage And Family Will Change American Society949 Words   |  4 Pages How Changes to Marriage and Family will change American Society Temitope Layode DeVry University PHIL 447 Spring 2016 How Changes to Marriage and Family will change American Society Over time, the American society has derailed from the traditional reason and forms of marriage and family set up. The American society acceptance of non-marital childbearing (single parenting), same- sex marriage has led to the trending poverty rate in average families. The main objective of the institution ofRead MoreObesity : A Health Concern For A Lot Of People Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesconcern for a lot of people in America especially African Americans. Obesity is more prevalent in the African American culture. In today’s society, there are a lot of African American children and teens that are obese due to the unhealthy foods they consume and lack of physical activity. This is a concern because overweight children are more likely to be obese as adults. Research suggest that the growing rate of childhood obesity is steadily increasing nationwide. The Surgeon General has called it theRead MoreHealth Disparities Among African Americans1453 Words   |  6 Pagesto healt h inequities. These inequities are avoidable inequalities in health between different groups of people. African Americans are among many other groups of people that fall victim to a system that, sometimes inconspicuously creates barriers wherein people cannot adequately arm themselves with the tools to remain healthy. One of the most common health inequities among African Americans is the HIV/AIDs virus. This viruses significance is relatively recent in human history, but the damage it hasRead MoreWhy Does Poverty Still Exist Among Black Americans? Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pages Why does poverty still exist among Black Americans? 2016 FA.Soc.220.02 Social Problems Kesha Hicks â€Æ' â€Å"The United States has the highest poverty rate of any advance industrial nation† (Elizabetha, 2013). For many years, black people have considered to be the poorest race in the United states. There have been many government programs put in place to help poverty among black Americans. Such as welfare, unemployment, and Medicaid just to name a few. The question is, with so many government programsRead MorePoverty And Hunger : Hunger1542 Words   |  7 PagesHardy Social Problems SOC S-163-Sect. 29531 08 April 2016 Poverty and Hunger Hunger impacts 48.1 million Americans; 46.7 million of them live in poverty. According to Feeding America, seventy percent of their clients are at one hundred percent below the federal poverty line (â€Å"Hunger and Poverty Facts†, 2016). Poverty is the social factor, which creates and sustains hunger. You may be wondering that if poverty creates hunger, what creates poverty? Economics, politics, and capitalism all keep the impoverishedRead MoreIs Reaching A Comfortable Retirement?870 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant life events people will experience. How do you see yourself after retiring? Most people want to be able to retire comfortable, but the reality is that is not possible for some members of society. The reality is that for some seniors, living in poverty is potential issue. Reaching a comfortable retirement varies around the world and can be affected by gender, race, and social class. First, retirement varies according to gender. Women earn less than men in every nation. Full-time working women inRead MoreHigh School Dropouts : Too Many Kids Are Leaving School Before Graduation1284 Words   |  6 PagesHigh School Dropouts Too many kids are leaving school before graduation. High school dropouts rates are increasing everyday. 7,000 students drop out of school each day. One thing that they fail to realize is the cause and effect this will have on their lives. A study from the Alliance for Excellent Education predicts that 12 million kids will drop out in the next decade. Everyday there is a student that drops out of school because of the mentally challenges he/she faces. Stress can be a very hardRead MoreAfrican Of African American Culture1572 Words   |  7 PagesThere is no doubt that African Americans have a rich cultural background and history like the many different ethnic groups who settled in the New World, whose origins lie in another country. For this reason, America was known as the melting pot. However, the backgrounds of each of these cultures were not always understood or, in the case of African Americans, accepted among the New World society and culture. Americans were ignorant to the poss ibility of differences among groups of people until information

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Essay example - 1805 Words

Narcissism is the inordinate fascination with oneself; excessive self-love; vanity. The term, narcissism comes, of course, from the Greek myth of Narcissus. Narcissus shunned all the other nymphs until one of them prayers to the goddess of love and made a request that someday narcissus would feel the joy and pain of love. The goddess granted the wish to the nymph and narcissus soon would understand the joy and pain of love. Narcissus went to get a drink of water and saw the most the most beautiful face that he had ever seen; he plunged in to kiss the face but could because it was his own reflection. Narcissus had fallen in love with his self. He lost all importance of food, movement or anything. Narcissus was cursed with the love of his†¦show more content†¦Temperamental breakdowns are also a very a common symptom of people with a narcissistic personality. They are prone to extreme mood swings between self-admiration and insecurity; these people tend to exploit interpersonal relationships. It is more likely for narcissistic behavior to develop in a male/female in their teens or young adult hood. Most narcissistic patients are so young and they don’t realize that they have a personality disorder. Family and friends must realize that Narcissism is not preventable and it’s a disorder that must be dealt with care and sensitivity. It is not best for the family of the patient to take it upon themselves to try and cure the patient but to go to a health professional. Why? Professionals know best. It is possible that families can get opposite effect of what is expected. The patient may feel overwhelmed; especially a teenage patient who might not be stable enough to handle the help of their family. Coming on too strong is never a key; if the patient feels like they’re being attacked then they will retaliate. Lashing out, rebelling and hurting themselves is not uncommon. Cutting is often away to hurt more than themselves. In a Narcissistic pa tients mind they’re getting back at the person who cares about them but is making them feel attacked when really they’re just finding a reason to deal with their insecurities by inflicting pain on their body. This is a non-preventable disorder. The patient must never be blamed because it mayShow MoreRelatedNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1536 Words   |  7 Pages One disorder that interest me would be the Narcissistic Personality Disorder. I find Narcissism interesting because honestly it wasn t until now that I learned it was an actual disorder, I was misled and thought it was just a flaw or bad trait some people possessed. In actuality narcissism makes somebody rude and obsessive over themselves and is a real disorder that you can get diagnosed with. I am also interested in Maslow s hierarchy of needs theory that consist of 5 different sections of motivationsRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay2029 Words   |  9 Pages Narcissistic P ersonality Disorder is a complicated disorder which has many implications for how one might act and think of themselves. It is categorized as a personality disorder in which the person thinks highly of themselves, that they are a superior being. They are often envious or jealous of others, lack empathy, and carry with themselves a sense of entitlement (Maniacci, 2007). Someone with Narcissistic Personality Disorder may expect special treatment from others. For example, they may haveRead MoreWhat Narcissistic Personality Disorder800 Words   |  3 PagesA narcissistic personality disorder is basically a person who feels that they have self-importance. The person thinks that they should have control and power above anything. The person is unable to mentally realize how much damage they are doing to others and themselves. To be specific on a certain type of people who has a NPD are narcissistic parents. Narcissistic parents fall into two type of categories which damage their children. There is engulfing parents which mean the parents are overly protectiveRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1784 Words   |  8 PagesThe personality of a person is what ultimately defines who they are. This is what 99% of us look for in a person actually knowing who they really are. A person may be fun, loving, caring, and charismatic and a million other traits, but there is none like being narcissistic. A narcissistic person is one who truly believes that the world revolves around them and them only. This is someone who has an excessive or erotic interest in themselves, he/she craves constant admiration and never want to recognizeRead MoreIs Narcissism A Narcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1645 Words   |  7 PagesIn today s society, all types of personalities can be found on every corner, but has anyone ever interacted with a person that requires an overwhelming amount of respect and admiration. This action could be considered an arrogant personality trait; however, it could also imply that this person has a narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). These individuals can be quite charming at first, making friends quickly and can be the life of the party until it doesn’t fit their needs any longer. A personRead MoreCharacteristics Of Narcissistic Personality Disorder1175 Words   |  5 Pagescommon disorders, known to scientists as the most heritable personality disorder in humans (Thomaes, et al ). It affects temperament, an individual’s nature pertaining to their permanent behavior, which can be affected through inheritance and their surroundings. In humans, the earliest stages in life affect the development of temperament the most, according to Thomaes et al ( ). It is also understood that the culture and atmosphere surrounding a human affects the maturati on of narcissistic tendenciesRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1176 Words   |  5 Pagesunfortunate and incurable mental illness, known as Narcissistic Personality Disorder. This disorder, otherwise known as, NPD, is a personality trait that reflects an inflated and grandiose self-concept (Buffardi Campbell, 2008). Basically, someone with this disorder thinks very highly of himself or herself, which typically results in a lack of empathy for others. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the preferred treatment for Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) because specific biomedical approachesRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1574 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a continuing pattern of irregular thinking, and behavior. Normal interaction with a narcissist can be difficult and confusing for others. This paper will allow you to identify the signs and symptoms of this disorder, and what interventions or medications to help these individuals, plus the best time to get them to a doctor. *Keywords: Mental Disorder, Signs, Symptoms, Interventions, Medications â€Æ' NPD is portrayed by an enduring pattern of grandiosityRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1612 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a mental disorder where someone has an exaggerated sense of their own presence, a need for constant admiration from others and they also have a lack of empathy for anyone (Mayo Clinic). A couple questions I have include: How does social media effect society? How does social media have an effect on someone diagnosed with NPD, What are ways you can help someone with NPD, and what are some ways we canRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pageshave narcissistic personality disorder. This personality disorder is defined as, â€Å"...a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy† (Comer, 2010, p. 531). People with narcissistic personality disorder are convinced of their own greatness; whether it be their success, artistic skill, or beauty. They also require the constant attention and admiration of the people around them. But, this is not all that is involved in this disorder. People with narcissistic personality disorder

Light in the shadow of jihad the struggle for truth Free Essays

Introduction The world needs to learn to understand each other’s faith and belief and respect it in every way.  Following the September eleventh tragedy, Christians face the dilemma of comprehending the truths of the tragedy and responding to it in a Christian way. That dilemma is answered through deep study and understanding Islam guided by the bible and prophesies contained in it. We will write a custom essay sample on Light in the shadow of jihad: the struggle for truth or any similar topic only for you Order Now America and the world must realize that God fulfills his purpose frequently through disasters. With the tragedy, a lot of essential questions arose: Is terrorism the true focus of Islam? Is god absent in such disasters? As America mourned, some celebrated. It is true that some people may think that they are terrorists but some may think they are freedom fighters. The belief that actions can be justified politically has been going on for years. Politicization of morality has given an opportunity to justify actions politically and one it is done, it could be morally accepted as well (Lyon). Other democratic nations believe that the individual is the arbiter of right and wrong. But some like Bin Laden thinks differently. Faith is the basis of morality but at the same time it is the root of relativism in every means to establish one religion. This makes their inconsistencies evident. If moral agnosticism is the absolute of relativism, how come relativism tells us that no one can discern right from wrong?  On the other hand, the attackers have spent their last hours with prostitutes in night clubs. If their absolute is Islam, why spend their last night to satisfy their sexual needs instead of their spiritual needs? Zacharias’ Book Ravi suggested in his book, Light in the Shadow of Jihad: The Struggle for Truth, five major questions that prevail in people’s mind after the September 11 Bombing. These questions are: Did the terrorists’ action portray a true Islam belief? What can state and church do in shaping the outlook of people on religion and how does it affect the culture of the nation? Did the incident illustrate an Islamic tradition or such only undermine the religion of Islam? Were there any known predictions that such phenomenon would actually occur? What is the implication of such incident to the world and to the Future?  Moreover, He implicitly asked how God views the incident (Zacharias). Was God in favor of what happened? Why did He allow such violence take place? These were few of the questions directed to question the inclination God towards the 9/11 Bombing. Osama Bin Laden; A Protagonist or an Antagonist? Discernment begins with intuition. But as everybody knows, may often be wrong. Like for instance, Osama Bin Laden’s intuition has failed him (Zacharias). After 9/11, he deliberately complained about the bloodshed in Afghanistan. The bloodshed has suddenly become too reprehensible for Bin Laden. Intuition is simply not enough bases for discernment. Therefore, reasoning must come to place. But how do we move from intuition to reasoning? Relativist has said that reason could not move us to morality and that people are not capable of discerning right from wrong simply because right or wrong does not exist. Morality derived from intuition then become in conflict with morality derived from reasoning (Zacharias). As these conflicts arise, a need to go back to the foundation of morality is in place. The society merely recognizes that need. It is urgent and must be taken into consideration. Bin Laden, has his own way of looking at and discerning of the Islamic belief and tradition. Likewise, he has his own way of interpreting the codes of conduct or the morality included and written in the Quran. If his decision failed him, then logically, somehow his knowledge and interpretation of the Quran may be different from the original message of it. Muslim, Islam, Allah and the 9/11 Bombing September 11 terrorists thought or believed that their action is Allah’s will (Zacharias). While other Muslims think it is corrupted Islam. If such difference of belief exists among Muslims, what does other people from other beliefs to believe? Is terrorism a fruit of an Islamic worldview or a fruit of socio economic situation? People then must examine Islam to answer this urgent question. As discussed in the book, Islam is a religion which originated from Muhammed. It was through military invasion that Islam was spread out. After the death of Muhammed without a heir or successor, Islam movement was divided (Zacharias). In this time of division, some readings of Quran were destroyed. Thus, this incident becomes a controversy among critics for they think that textual tampering took place. Four sources of Quran accounts and history after the incident emerged- the Hadith, the Sunna, the Sira, and the Tafsir (Zacharias). But different sects of Islam have different levels of importance to these sources. This is an evidence why Muslims, most of the time, are not unanimated in terms of opinion, actions or methods within their religion today. In this situation, Muslims rely on abrogation. But in this method, another problem arises. Which Quran readings abrogate other Quran readings? Differences among Muslims arise even more. Some Muslims persecute Christians to the point of killing them. There have been several reports about it. Like 9/11 tragedy is persecution to Christians (Muhammad). It is extreme and unfair. Educators has attempted to have an in-depth study of Islam but has met resistance with Muslim leaders. There is a chance that they are trying to manipulate the minds of other Muslims. What could be derived from Islamic history? There exists a major confusion among Muslims about their religion. This confusion is primarily caused by the division that is still evident today. From this as well, we can safely say that not all Muslims agree to violence (Zacharias). Organizing and restudying of Islam is urgently needed by Muslims. Christianity and the War of the Religious Faiths What about in Christianity? Is it not in any way predicted or prophesied by the bible? Throughout history, the prophesies in the bible has come to pass. As for example, in the book of Daniel about Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar had a problem about a statue which has four different parts.   It was a dream that Daniel had to interpret. Daniel explained to Nebuchadnezzar that it concerns kingdoms (Muhammad). The first kingdom would overcome the kingdom before them until it reach the fourth. These came to pass as prophesied. Jesus conquered human history without any political agenda. According to theologians, God is there but his presence is not obvious. This is called â€Å"the hiddenness of God†   (Muhammad). Atheist, on the other hand, thinks that if God would manifest himself, they would believe he exists. Other Christians sometimes wish so too. As Muslims persecute Christians, Christians persecute Muslims as well (Muhammad). After 9/11, Muslims faced everyday the discrimination against them. Every Muslim is perceived to be a terrorist (Lyon). What does that say about Christianity? What is the difference between Muslims and Christians with this king of discrimination? This desire to see God tells more about us than about God. We turn to God when we have no one or nowhere to turn to and questions him when are needs are not met. This happens because of our tendency to rely on our intellect and the continuous nurturing of our minds with knowledge. Deep inside each of us yearns for rational evidence.  With Christians, faith varies but same beliefs are evident. A true relationship with God is when we begin to relate to him in both our ups and downs. God has a purpose. He intends to have us trust him and submit our lives to him in the midst of tragedy. Religion and the Future The world is suffering from lack of critical minds in relation to worldviews (Lyon). We are corrupted with so much information, too many voices. But it will never be enough for people top just listen to them and absorb everything. It is important for people to filter it before accepting it as true. The world should put to use faith as a basis of morality. Intuition and Reasoning is not enough. We should put to use the basis of religion as the solid ground of morality in our society. Religion may vary but it is sure the most solid, even if it may be inconsistent, foundation for morality. Respect for other culture and religion must be evident in every individual for the betterment of humanity. We may live in a democratic society but still discrimination is still evident. We must realize and accept that our religion or faith varies. Respect comes from understanding and learning each others cultures. Learning from the experience and moving on from it is in need. It is a challenge for everyone to understand each other. It is time for us to move on from the tragedy. It is time to move on from the corrupted and discriminating society that we are today. Let us move on and be better. Works Cited: Lyon, David. Surveillance after September 11 . Blackwell Publishing Limited , 2003. Muhammad, Elijah. Christianity Versus Islam. Secretarius Memps Publications , 1997. Zacharias, Ravi. Light in the Shadow of Jihad: The Struggle for Truth . Multnomah , 2002. How to cite Light in the shadow of jihad: the struggle for truth, Essay examples

Importance of Investment to Community

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Investment to Community. Answer: Introduction: The above mentioned investment is a triangular trading investment organized between three states. The term SIJORI is an abbreviation of the names of the three states that is Singapore, Riau and Johor. The SIJORI trade invest has created a huge growth and developmental impact in all the three countries (Bunnell et.al 2012). The case study only discusses the benefits of SIJORI trade investment in Singapore. The trade investment encompasses all the three human activities that social, political and economic. Singaporeans have benefited from this trade investment in all the three dimensions of life. The SIJORI trade investment opened up ways for several firms to invest in Singapore through creation of conducive economic environment (Dahles, 2012). Due to the trade investment firms such as Philips among others have been able to their investment in Singapore. Various people have therefore benefited from various strategies set by SIJORI trading investment as follows. Most of people have acquired various skills through the trade investment links created by the three parties involved in the investment. Majority have been freely trained in order to provide labor in various firms like EE firms created through the SIJORI investment (Bunnell et.al 2012). Majority of people living in Singapore are currently employed as a result of the trade investment. SIJORI trade investment has resulted into establishment of several firms which offer almost 60% employment to the community. The main aim of SIJORI trade investment was to establish trading network between the three party states (Dahles, 2012). As a result of this object better transportation infrastructures have been developed to assist with the movement of goods and services. As a result of SIJORI trade investment several firms have been established leading to high employment rate. Since various community members are employed in Singapore, many who are employed are having improved life standards (Daquila, 2013). Over the recent past many technological companies are investing in Singapore leading to advanced technologies. How SIJORI investment can be beneficial to other communities As evident from the case study above, creation and establishment of trade investments is crucial to community development. Trading investments such as SIJOR when established in other geographical areas, communities in such areas will practically benefit in several ways. Trading investment will result into increased living standards of people in that particular area as seen in Singapore due to employment (Schaffner, 2013). Establishment of trading enables various foreign and domestic investors to make investments in a particular area as seen above. Moreover, establishment of trading investment in particular area leads to improved transport and communication network. As many firms get established in an area where such trading opportunity been provided they build up roads and improve communication infrastructure in order to accessible to the market (Daquila, 2013). Trading investments also provide members with training and better education in order to attract several investors who may interested with the provided skills. Trading investments such as SIJORI open ways for international investors to bring development in a particular area due to investment. Such investments also provide members of a given community with access to various regions within the alliance to acquire new skills and socials ways of life. References Bunnell, T., Grundy-Warr, C., Sidaway, J. D., Sparke, M. (2012). 43 Geographies of power in the IndonesiaMalaysiaSingapore Growth Triangle. International handbook of globalization and world cities, 465. Dahles, H. (2012). Transborder business: the" capital" input in Singapore enterprises venturing into ASEAN and beyond. SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 249-273. Daquila, T. C. (2013). Singapore and ASEAN in the global economy: the case of free trade agreements. Asian Survey, 43(6), 908-928. Schaffner, J. (2013). Development economics: theory, empirical research, and policy analysis. Wiley.

Race V Class, Understanding American History After 1945

Introduction After 1945, American soldiers returned from the Second World War that had just ended. Their return plunged the nation into a state of economic boom in the housing sector. The economic boom transpired due to the availability of benefits acquired by veterans from the war. However, the period witnessed high levels of racial discrimination against the Black Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Mexican Americans, whom the White Americans deemed as the minority groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Race V Class, Understanding American History After 1945 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this view, the concept of race defined the United States history just after the Second World War because it formed the basis of employment, acquisition of property, and attainment of leadership positions. Therefore, the essay explains that race is concept that is more important than class in understanding A merican history after 1945. Overview Race is a concept that highlights the American history after the Second World War. After 1945, America went through a period when racism was highly pronounced. During the period, the Whites believed that people from the minority groups were lesser beings than those from the majority groups (Cowie 49). The minority groups were in the category of marginalized groups and many services provided by the federal government went to the White Americans. Areas such as employment, education, property ownership, and leadership were a preserve of the White Americans. Therefore, race is a concept that best explains the history of America after the Second World War. Discrimination in Employment The minority groups in the United States experienced and endured discrimination in employment sector due to the institutionalized racism. The federal government enacted and passed laws that denied the minority groups the chance to work in the United States. The laws gove rned the terms of employment, working conditions, as well as salaries and wages. According to Sugrue, â€Å"Chicago, Philadelphia, and New York played a decisive role in deepening racial inequality in the city† (86). Moreover, the federal government and private employers were reluctant or unwilling to hire employees of African, Asian, or Mexican origins. Therefore, a number of people from the minority groups worked in plantations such as rice fields, which had poor working conditions and low wages. Most of the employees from the minority groups received very little wages, and subjected to hard work and harsh treatment as opposed to employees from the majority groups. The White Americans discriminated against the minority groups making them victims of racism in the United States. The federal government redlined the minorities and created a harsh working environment for them.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 1 5% OFF Learn More The Native Americans received harsh and inhuman treatment from their employers or superiors who perceived them as unimportant beings basing on their color or ethnical background. In workplaces, employers or superiors overlooked employees from the minority groups in aspects such as promotion and increment of salaries or wages. The racial disparity in promotion and salary or wage increments took place irrespective of the performance of the employees from the minority groups. Therefore, unemployed members of the minority groups demonstrated their anger through riots and strikes organized by unions in an attempt to communicate their grievances to the federal government (Cowie 225). Thus, the minority groups experienced pronounced levels of racial discrimination in places of work orchestrated by the federal government and the private sector. The riots and demonstrations led to the loss of lives and eventually recognition of the minority rights. Discrimination i n Housing Soon after the Second World War, the minority groups became the main target of discrimination under the basis of race and place of origin. The United States federal government introduced policies that segregated people from the minority groups and prevented them from accessing good houses. The federal government limited the access of the minority groups to good housing using the housing administration, which was a body charged with the provision of shelter to the citizens of the United States. In an attempt to limit equal access to good housing among minority groups, the federal government denied them low-interest loans and forcefully acquired their houses. Sugrue outlines that â€Å"Detroit’s public housing was racially segregated† (86). Furthermore, the boom from veterans of the Second World War worsened the housing problem as houses became scarce; hence, cases of discrimination quickly emerged with the scramble for the few available houses. Most of the Whi te Americans who were house owners declined application for housing from minority groups, but instead accepted applications from White American tenants. Mortgage companies also tailored their policies in a manner that favored the White Americans in the United States. As a result, many potential house owners from the minority groups found it very difficult to acquire good houses because mortgage prices were high and favored the White Americans. Cowie explains that Martin Luther King Junior campaigned â€Å"to support the striking sanitation workers as a building block in ‘poor people campaign,’ a new march in Washington that would be a Selma-like movement on economic issues† (65). Therefore, minority groups used unions to present their grievances to the government. Additionally, the minority groups lost their houses through forceful acquisition, deception, and fraud to the White Americans. Racial discrimination in the housing sector forced the minority groups to s eek shelter in camps and shanties where the living conditions were poor. In some cases where the minority groups managed to get houses, they paid higher amounts of rent than what their White counterparts did.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Race V Class, Understanding American History After 1945 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discrimination in Ownership of Property After 1945, policies designed by the federal government of the United States favored the Whites and discriminated against the minority groups. Ownership of property among minority groups became a very complex and difficult affair for officials in the government declined their proposals, deceived them, and refused to help them acquire property in the United States. Although a few members of the minority group had the limited access to property acquisition, the state frequently confiscated their properties and declared them as illegal. Unfair treatmen t had its basis on the color and appearance of the individuals because of their racial background (Sugrue 8). During the period after 1945, the federal laws and policies prohibited ownership of property by the minority groups. One of the factors that contributed to the prohibition is the misconceptions held by White Americans concerning the minority groups. Property owners, managers, and agents discriminated against the minority groups in the sale of properties and business outlets. As a result, many Americans of African, Asian, and Mexican origins failed to acquire properties during the period. Failure to acquire properties and business outlets by the Africans, Asians, and Mexicans rendered them poor and greatly affected their living conditions. According to Cowie, â€Å"Congress for the first time since it went democratic in 1932 passed a tax cut not to redistribute wealth, but to give relief to the middle upper class, suggesting a very new mood among the democrats more broadlyâ €  (257). Therefore, the minority groups in the United States endured discrimination and enjoyed limited rights of property ownership. Some of the ways that the Whites exercised racism included refusal to sell or rent their houses and unequal valuation and appraisal of property. Furthermore, other White Americans who were property owners provided different terms and conditions for the minorities, whereas banks refused to provide loans to the Asians, Africans, and Mexicans living in the United States. Discrimination in Education Racial discrimination also affected the education sector since many institutions of learning had some forms of racial segregation. After 1945, many schools in the United States belonged to either the White Americans or the minority groups. The federal government discouraged students of color from studying in schools designated for the White American students. Teachers and trainers administered harsh and inhumane punishment on the children from Asian, Afric an, and Mexican origins (Cowie 11).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, trainers entrenched racisms in schools, as they perceived children from minority groups as lesser beings than their White counterparts. Therefore, the trainers gave biased treatment in training, discipline, and grading of the students. Due to the misconceptions held by the students concerning the attitudes displayed by their parents, the White Americans students undermined their colleagues from the minority groups. The prejudice, which students from minority groups received from their colleagues, led to poor relationships among students in schools and social places where they interacted. â€Å"The effects of racial discrimination were evident as they highlight racial differences in urban streets and workplaces† (Sugrue 6). Therefore, the prejudice of students from minority groups also lowered their self-esteem and affected their performance. Moreover, another form of racial discrimination that the state displayed during the period after 1945 was underdevelopment and the absence of good learning facilities in schools designed for the minority groups and presence of good facilities and good infrastructure in learning institutions designed for the White Americans. Teachers in schools offering education to the minority students experienced challenges in terms of lack of teaching resources and funds. Teachers mainly from the minority groups joined unions and voiced their grievances to the federal government. Furthermore, educational loans and sponsorships were available to the White American students only, while the children from the minority groups usually dropped out of school or performed poorly due to insufficient funds to facilitate their education or poor quality of learning facilities. Discrimination in Leadership Members of the minority group who wanted to vie for leadership positions in the United States also experienced racial discrimination. During and after 1945, the White Americans believed that people from the minority groups were unable to provide good governance and leadership. Therefore, any member of the minority group who attempted to vie for any political or leadership position was discouraged and intimidated by the White Americans who formed the majority group. As Martin Luther King Junior fought against racial discrimination, â€Å"Robert Kennedy admired King’s commitment to unite the poor whites and the poor blacks into what the civil rights believed it would a ‘powerful new alliance’ that transcended racial integration and placed social justice on an economic footing† (Cowie 65). Additionally, some states in the United States barred members of minority groups and women from casting their votes. As the federal government denied the minorities their voting rights, it implies that it was impossible for any member of the minority group to win and get a leadership position. Thus, members of the minority who tried to campaign failed due lack of support from the federal governmen t and voters. Aspiring leaders from the minority groups who tried to vie for leadership positions received discouragement from the federal government or lacked adequate funds to facilitate their campaigns. The federal government preferred the White Americans, but discriminated against the Native Americans, Asians, Africans, or Mexicans. One of the main factors that contributed to the preference was the misconception held by the White Americans who believed that women and minority groups did not have capacity to take leadership positions. According to Cowie, leaders from the minority group who tried to campaign were the subject of ridicule and discouragement by the state and the White Americans (63). In some cases, the White Americans booed the leaders from minority groups in rallies and conferences during campaigns. Therefore, the minority groups remained as marginalized members of the American society for the larger part of the 20th century, after the Second World War. Conclusion A fter the Second World War in 1945, America experienced economic boom in the housing sector, which resulted from the pension that war veterans received. Housing and economic boom led to a sharp increase in the demand for housing and affected the economy of the United States. Besides, in the period preceding the Second World War witnessed high levels of discrimination against races from Africa, Asia, and Latin America as the White Americans deemed them as minority groups. The White Americans exercised racial discrimination in learning institutions, workplaces, and social places such as hospitals and churches. Americans from the minority groups worked in plantations and construction industry as casual laborers where they received meager income. Works Cited Cowie, Jefferson. Stayin’ Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class.  New York: The New Press, 2013. Print. Sugrue, Thomas. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar  Detroit. New York: Princeton University Press, 2010. Print. This essay on Race V Class, Understanding American History After 1945 was written and submitted by user Selah Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hate Crime essays

Hate Crime essays A hate crime is a violent act against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with. Hate crimes are committed against many different groups of people. Different types of people also commit these crimes. Some hate crimes are crimes against property, such as vadalizism and destruction of stores, buildings, and places of worship. The largest parts of hate crimes or attacks against people. Hate crimes against another person can be as petty as simple assault without a weapon, but can also be very serious as in the case of rape or murder. Many hate crimes are based on racial or religious bias. Racial bias is the largest cause of hate crimes. African-Americans is the largest group at risk. Racial based hate crimes have been a problem since the sixtys during the civil-rights movement. Religious bias is also a big reason for hate crimes. Jewish people and Catholics make up most of the victims of religious based crimes. During World War 2, religious based hate crimes were the worst. Nazi Germany attempted to completely wipe out the Jewish people. African-Americans, Jews, and Catholics are still somewhat segregated from the rest of the country. Sexual minorities are often a target of hate crimes. Hate crimes against gay and a lesbian is probably the fastest growing form of hate crime. It is the most common form of hate crime committed by teenagers and young adults. A large percentage of homosexual people reports being the victim of hate crimes. More than half of these reports is for verbal abuse. Matthew Shepard is probably the most memorable victim of a hate crime against a sexual minority. He was a twenty-one year old University of Wyoming student who was lured away by two men, and he was beaten severely and left to die. Hate crimes are committed by a wide variety of people. There are many organized hate groups in the world, but ordinarily l ...

Normative Ethics or Collective Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Normative Ethics or Collective Action - Essay Example eting by the European Union to check its policies on renewable energy and to ensure that the members were in conformity with the Kyoto protocol (Smith, and Katrina 85). During a recent visit to Gravelines nuclear power plant in located in northern France, ranked the 5th largest globally, the president went further to renew France’s commitment to nuclear industry and gave post Fukushima nuclear fears safety a description as irrational and medieval. Particularly, the president never mentioned anybody but it is hardly difficult to guess the real person he was referring to. It was by no means the president triggered a salvo over Germany’s nuclear power moves and its chancellor, the renowned Angela Merkel. At some point she refused to put her hand to Siemen’s request to have a stake in Avera, one of French’s nuclear group; this was basically due to the fact that Germany as a nation had imposed a moratorium on nuclear power. According to officials, German’s option to shut down all its nuclear power plants in a decade will definitely make Germany to be more dependent on fossil fuels, need imported atomic power and increase emission of carbon. Germany then will be more reliant on imports and fossil fuels and the nation’s electricity will be much expensive and more harmful to the environment. Households in Germany pay twice more for power than homesteads in France; eighty per cent of electricity originates from atomic power plant. At the same time, Germany announced that of all the 17 reactors, none shall remain opened come the year 2022, going against the plan steered through parliament in the previous year to prolong the plant’s activities by an average of twelve years. The chancellor argues that the Fukushima massacre, the worst crisis since the year 1986, led her to give it a second thought to give support for nuclear power plants in Germany. Germany and France are great nations, in as much as disaster may occur; it should not make a nation embark on

How does the concept of the imperialism of free trade explain the rise Essay

How does the concept of the imperialism of free trade explain the rise and fall of the British Empire - Essay Example Though it took some time for other nations to understand this concept, but it is now a known phenomenon and is admired and adopted throughout the world. Free trade is a type of trade between countries, where trade is done without any restrictions of governments from both sides. Different countries prefer free trade; the reason is that it provides benefit to people. The countries involved in free trade are usually on the friendly terms and in a way it shows their trust upon each other. Not only goods but also services are provided without taxes and other obstacles that could be faced otherwise. The main beneficiaries of free trade are the common people of those countries that get full advantage of low priced goods. A country, after getting privilege of free trade, can gain access to the market of the other country easily and they can invest their capital without any concern of the future policies of that country. Free trade is not a new phenomenon in the economies of the countries. It is been practiced for centuries in different forms. It is considered to be a vital factor of any country's flourishing economy and successful economic policies. This concept was given by the famous economist David Ricardo. Though the country with large and strong economy got a big share of profit than the other one, but still this phenomenon is popular in today's world. British Empire could be regarded as one... The key to their success in this whole time was their strong economy. Their stable and strong economy leads them everywhere in the world and once they set their foot in the particular country, no one can stop them from achieving their imperialistic aims. Their influence was obvious in every field of that country, people follow their way of living and adopt their styles, and they finally took over that country or the region. The famous quote about them was that "The sun never sets on British Empire". The British Empire started arising in seventeen century, when they reconcile with their rival Spain in 1604. America is referred as their first colony and the list of colonies goes on, which includes a large part of land in almost every continent of the world. And they started this all with trade, either its Tobacco, Rice, Fur, Cotton, Raw Material or even slaves. Asia was considered to be Portugal's territory, but in the late 16th century, British and Dutch found their way in Asia as well, which at that time considered being a wealthy piece of land, especially India. East India Company was set in early 1600's and it provided British people to set their foot at in the rich and mysterious land of India, at that time was ruled by Mughals. The famous export of India was spices and textile. British lost their colonies in American Continent during 1760's to 1770's, and it was a great loss for the Empire. But they still got the Asia, a gold mine in their hands. Asia, particularly India, was considered to be the most profitable colony of British Empire and they earned a lot from this part of the land. At this time, Adam Smith gave the concept of Free Trade. According to him, it is not necessary to have a military or a political rule over a

Five Areas of Reading Instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Five Areas of Reading Instruction - Essay Example Its teaching includes assisting children to distinguish, separate, and use phonemes with respect to the letters. Phonemic awareness can also be considered as the ability to examine and produce the isolated sounds in expressions, separating or segmenting terms into the sounds of their components and recognizing words that are similar or different in listening. According to the (NICHD) it is explained as the skill to â€Å"focus on and manipulate phonemes in spoken words.† An illustration of phonemic awareness ability is for instance the word cat, which consists of three phonemes or sounds/k/a/t. In order to become skilled at reading a languages that is based on an alphabet, phonemic awareness is essential. As a vital element of comprehending to read and an effective analyst of reading accomplishment, phonemic awareness is a theory that all teachers should recognize and teach skillfully. The sounds that compose up the words that are spoken are known as phonemes. They are not alp habets; in fact they are sounds of speech. For example the alphabet â€Å"b† is not a phoneme actually it is an alphabet that has been selected to symbolize the phoneme /b/. Graphemes are used to denote the phonemes in the written speech. They may be in single letters such as (a, e or n) or in group of alphabets that indicates sounds that are distinct like (th, ck or oo) It can be very beneficial to children as it teaches them progressive ways of learning words that are new to them. In order to learn a new word, developing an association among the visual knowledge concerning the word, its meaning, accent, and other facts that are accumulated in the verbal vocabulary of a child is important. This correlation is what facilitates the person who reads to retrieve information stored in the brain when the word is seen as written. Phonemic awareness is very helpful in makings these associations. â€Å"There are several levels of phonemic awareness that may be demonstrated through d ifferent classroom activities† (Schatschneider, 1991). The three activities that can facilitate learning in this area include, removing the phonemes. Students should be given the task to recognize the word that stays when a phoneme is removed from it. For instance, if we remove /s/ from the word spot, the word that remains is pot. Second activity can be adding the phonemes to a word. The child can add a phoneme and make a new word. For example if we add a /b/ to the word ring we would make a new word bring. The third activity that can assist the students in learning is substituting the phonemes. The child should be assigned the activity to make a new word by substituting one phoneme with another. For example by removing the /b/ from the word bag and substituting it with /r/ makes a new word rag. Moving to the second area phonics, it involves coaching children the connection between distinct sounds (phonemes) and letters and instructing them about the logical and obvious associ ation between words that are written and spoken. The requirement of written language led to the invention of different alphabets. Later on people eventually realized the importance of making spelling coherent with every word as they invented the alphabets to symbolize the sounds of the language they

Beyond Reasonable Doubt And Balance Of Probability Law Essay

Beyond Reasonable Doubt And Balance Of Probability Law Essay The standard of proof, in essence, can be loosely defined as the quantum of evidence that must be presented before a Court before a fact can be said to exist or not exist. As the type of cases before a Court can be classified into criminal or civil, so can the standard of proof. There is a clear understanding that the Courts follow according to wich the standard of proof to be followed in a criminal case is that of beyond reasonable doubt whereas the standard of proof changes, even lowers to the balance of probabilities in cases of civil proceedings. It is also widely understood that the standard is higher in criminal cases. This does not mean that the actual quantity of evidence adduced should be more but speaks more of the nature of evidence. Even though such a bifurcation exists, a problem might crop up in the form of criminal charges within a civil case. This is one of the most important questions that the researcher has tried to analyse in this paper. The researcher has analysed the meaning and scope of the two standards, the position in India and finally, the question of a third standard. Reasonable Doubt v. Balance of Probability In common law, two separate standards of proof are recognized- proof beyond reasonable doubt and proof based on the balance of probabilities. The former is he standard adopted while dealing with criminal cases while the latter is the standard in use in case of civil suits.  [1]  Different standards of proof are constructed seemingly to, among other things, minimize the high social costs that may arise on account of errors.  [2]  In actuality, these two terms are rarely used, especially in jurisdictions where juries are involved, as the two terms seem to be rather esoteric in nature and not immediately comprehensible.  [3]   The standard used in criminal trial that is proof beyond reasonable doubt is viewed as requiring a high degree of satisfaction that the prosecution must, through the evidence and materials it presents, create in the mind of the Judge or the jurors. This high degree often leads to acquittal sometimes even when the authority trying the case feels that the guilt of the accused, based on the evidence, is more probable than his innocence. Even so, if the slightest doubt as to the guilt of the accused is created in the mind of the Court, he is given the benefit of the doubt and his innocence proclaimed. The basis of this is the general belief that the conviction of an innocent man as opposed to the acquittal of a guilty one is a fate more heinous, which is why such an allowance is made in the first place. Also, in most cases the accused might not have at his disposal the kind of facilities that the prosecution can use to establish their version of events. This could also be one of the reas ons behind the leniency awarded to the accused as regards the standard of proof to be upheld by the prosecution. The nature of penalty in case of criminal cases is also often harsher in nature, which is why the same standard is not adopted in case of civil suits. Even though the concept, as well as the term, reasonable doubt was greatly acknowledged by the House of Lords in Woolmington v. D.P.P  [4]  , later decisions have shown that the Court, especially with respect to jury direction, does not consider it an obligation to use the term while explaining the level of proof required. It is often emphasized that the degree of persuasion, even in criminal cases, be determined depending on the unique characteristics of the case at hand. As a result, the generalized use of the term is not considered indispensable for a valid trial.  [5]  In common law cases, while explaining the standard of proof needed in criminal cases, even while avoiding the phrase beyond reasonable doubt, the Courts have explained to the jury that the doubt they were expecting should be the kind which might arise when the jury are themselves dealing with matters of importance in their own affairs.  [6]  This is important because if the Courts were to be less speci fic and characterize the doubt to be the kind that would come up in everyday affairs, the envisaged high standard of proof would be suitably lowered. This is of significance because even though absolute certainty is not expected, the deciding authority is supposed to come as close to it as practically possible.  [7]  In the United States of America, arguments were made against defining beyond reasonable doubt while directing the juries as this was believed to have reduced the level of satisfaction required in the minds of the jurors and thereby increasing the chances of conviction. The Courts held that as long as the terms used in the definitions were in line with the case as a whole, there was no error committed. The same view has been held valid in common law countries as well.  [8]   A lower standard, that of balance (or preponderance) of probability is applied in civil litigation. Even though the standard of proof is lower in civil cases, it is no reflection on the seriousness of the allegations in question. The rationale behind the use of such a standard is that in some cases the question of the probability or the improbability of a happening is an imperative consideration to be taken into account in deciding whether that event has actually taken place or not.  [9]  In other words, even when a very serious allegation has been made in a civil case, the standard of proof is not considered to be automatically raised to come closer to the criminal standard.  [10]  However, there are certain cases which are primarily civil in nature but require, in the view of the Court, a standard of proof applicable in criminal proceedings.  [11]  The exceptions to the aforementioned general rule in civil cases include civil contempt of Court and. applications for orde rs relating to sex offenders or those exhibiting anti-social behaviour.  [12]  In other cases where there are criminal allegations as part of civil cases, the standard in use is the balance of probability. The reason behind this was explained in Hornal v. Neuberger Products Ltd.  [13]  , where it was held that within the scope of balance of probabilities, there might be varying degrees therein. It is thus suggested that there are innumerable degrees present that fluctuate on a case to case basis.  [14]   Since varying degrees within the same standard of proof threatened to cause irregularity or absurdity, suggestions were made to create a third standard of probability, which were shot down in common law jurisdictions, reaffirming that only two standards of proof would be operational in these jurisdictions. Contrastingly, the United States of America has in fact created this third standard, present somewhere in between reasonable doubt and balance of probability. This midway standard is characterized by the terms clear and convincing evidence and is used as the measure of persuasion essential in the type of cases which involve allegations of criminal or quasi-criminal actions within (what is at its crux) a civil case. The reasons behind the construction of such an intermediary standard is to make the trying of such cases easy as are concerned with important rights of an individual in civil cases.  [15]  In spite of it being considered a third standard, reasonable doubt has been sh own to coexist with clear and convincing evidence, leading to the assertion that the distinction between the two remains obscured.  [16]   Section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Following the general external tests in use to determine the standard of proof, the Indian Evidence Act accepted the conditions of a prudent man as being the apt standard by which proof can be measured.  [17]  Having said that, it is crucial to note that even though the condition of a prudent man is accepted, the Court also makes allowance to probable or improbable circumstances and conditions so that in cases which do not require the criminal standard of reasonable doubt to be applied, the standard of the probability or improbability of an event can be considered as appropriate.  [18]   The concept of reasonable doubt, which is considered to be the appropriate standard of proof for criminal cases, though not defined in the Act has been interpreted through various judicial decisions. In Commonwealth v. Webster  [19]  , reasonable doubt is not meant to be comprehended as a mere possible doubt (as all that is connected to the affairs of humans can be said to contain a possible element of doubt). Reasonable doubt is the state of mind of the jurors wherin they are not in a position to confirm the veracity of the guilt of the accused even after careful perusal of all the adduced evidence.  [20]  Since the law presumes that the accused is innocent until he is proven guilty, it is essential that before he is condemned, such a reasonable doubt not exist. In the event that a doubt is created in the mind of the Judge, the accused is permitted the benefit of the aforementioned presumption.  [21]  Beyond reasonable doubt, however, does not mean that those who have as sessed the evidence at hand should be absolutely certain of the guilt of the accused as this would create a bizarre and inconvenient situation by leaving out circumstantial evidence completely.  [22]  Although, it is a high degree, almost approaching certainty but not to the extent of scientific or mathematical certainty, for example.  [23]  It must merely rule out all the reasonable suppositions conceivable, except the one it is trying to prove.  [24]  To generalise, it is important that all the cases that come before the courts, be decided on their own merits and the extent of proof needed be fixed based on the facts and circumstances of each individual case.  [25]  This ensures that each case is given its due importance and not always victim to procedural exactitude, which though is essential to ensure justice may not always achieve the same. What is characteristic to the Indian scenario is that the Apex Court has laid down that the conscience of the Court cannot be bound by any rule or provision but the fact that such a conscience is rising is proof of the fact that prudent judgment is at play. This has been likened to explain the standard of reasonable doubt. The doubt which is created in the mind of a reasonable man is to be taken into account while coming to a conclusion and for this doubt to be important enough, it must be proportional in nature to the offence alleged in the case.  [26]   Where reasonable doubt is the standard of proof in criminal cases, the standard required for civil cases is the balance of probabilities. The standard continues to be the balance of probabilities even in cases which are primarily civil in nature but where a criminal charge may be made out against the party. This is concluded from the definitions of the terms proved and not proved, from the Act. Basically, in civil litigation, the Judge has to decide in favour of that party who is supported by the preponderance of proof. This, again, does not mean the evidence considered be wholly exempt from doubt.  [27]  It has been held by the courts that for civil cases, the parties are required to make their best case before the courts based on which the decision is granted in favour of either of the parties. For criminal cases, the Court must take all the requisite measure to find out all the relevant adduced and ensure that justice is meted out.  [28]   For the purposes of interpreting the Act, it cannot be said that a higher degree of probability will in all likelihood fulfill the criterion of proof under Section 3.  [29]  As such, the standard of beyond reasonable doubt is considered to be stricter than its counterpart for civil cases, the balance of probabilities. In The degree of sureness that is needed before a fact is said to be proved, is explained in Section 3. Basically, as per the Section, the Court will consider the case and the related evidence before it can say whether an alleged fact is in fact true. The fact is said to have been proved if the Court is of the opinion that it exists or its being is so probable that a man of ordinary prudence would function under the presumption of its existence.  [30]  This degree, of a fact being proved based on the available evidence, is higher in case of criminal proceedings. The degree here is that of reasonable doubt which essentially means that the Court is convinced beyon d reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused.  [31]  The burden to prove this guilt, in most cases, rests on the prosecution who has to convince the rational mind of the same. The basis of decision in civil litigation is a mere preponderance of probability whereas the basis in criminal trials the assurance expected is much greater, although this depends from a case to case basis.  [32]  The nature of the evidence and material put on record.  [33]  For example, for a given situation, the evidence produced maybe sufficient to prove a act for the purposes of civil litigation but the same evidence may not be considered adequate to prove a fact in criminal cases.  [34]  The more blatant and deliberate a criminal act seems to be, the more is the need for it to proved with certainty. This is perhaps to avoid the severe consequences arising from a wrongful conviction. Especially in criminal cases, an impartial moral conviction cannot be the sole basis for sentencing the accused but must be backed by such findings and evidence that prove that no other chain of events except the one endorsing the conviction is reasonably possible.  [35]  Those facts which support the incrimination of the accused should be find to be in contravention of the circumstantial evidence on record. This is important even though circumstantial evidence is not given the status of conclusive proof; it is just as important as it acts as a ground for forming suspicion against the accused and a negation of the same would help the case of the accused, again, if proved beyond reasonable doubt.  [36]  For this, the circumstantial evidence recovered should not be justifiable.  [37]  in fact, there is usually no distinction drawn between circumstantial evidence and any other kind of evidence.  [38]  As established is the standard of proof for criminal trials, the same is construed liberally when the burden of proof of proving an exception is shifted to the accused. In other words, in a criminal case, when the burden rests on the prosecution, a fact being proved would mean a higher standard of proof is necessary while the same (in case of exceptions, for example) is lowered when this burden must be discharged by the accused.  [39]  Even so, the Indian Evidence Act doest not contain in its text any mention of the level of satisfaction to be created in a reasonable mans mind being different in a situation where the accused has to discharge the burden of proof from when the prosecution must do so.  [40]  Even though it speaks of a possible shifting of the burden of proof, the fact that the standard of proof is brought down in case of such a shift is explained through decisions of the Court and not based on any statutory provision. It should also be kept in mind that it is not up to the Court to demand that a certain method of proving a fact should be exclusively used with respect to a case before it unless a specific Act requires this to be done. Similarly, the Court cannot ask for a different standard of proof than what is actually sufficient in a particular case. If asked for, it would be deemed a procedural error or an error in law.  [41]   Conclusion In the course of writing this research paper, the researcher has been able to draw a few inferences. Firstly, even though the standard of beyond reasonable doubt is higher, it is nowhere expected that the evidence be able to prove the fact absolutely. As long as there is no scope for a prudent mind to doubt the occurrence of an event, that version of events is termed valid. Also simply because the standard of balance of probabilities is considered to be lower than the standard used in criminal trials, it cannot be validly concluded that the seriousness of the matter in civil cases is not given due regard. In the opinion of the researcher, however, there is also a nexus between the nature of penalty in the two cases and the standard of proof to be discharged. Secondly, quite often, the Courts have received suggestions to design a third standard of proof, which would be somewhere between the criminal standard and the civil one. Even though it seems that this could be the possible solution to peculiar circumstances, like that of criminal allegations within a civil suit, in the humble opinion of the researcher this would create confusion and absurdity, further burdening the judicial system. That there are still ambiguous areas in the presence of two standards shows that perhaps a third standard is not the best step at present.

Child Abuse and Neglect :: Violence Against Children

Child Abuse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Help me!† This is the plea of many children in America. As you read this, one little girl is crying out in pain, one little boy is begging not to be touched anymore. Many children live through everyday being abused sexually, physically, and emotionally. â€Å"More than two million cases of neglect and physical abuse are reported annually. Studies have shown that most parents who abuse their children were once abused as a child† (Funk & Wagnall’s 121). According to the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, 185 children died from child abuse in 1996. There are a lot of ways to put an end to this; it just takes some work and time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all there are the children who are emotionally abused. The question is what is emotional abuse? Emotional abuse is when the child is hurt emotionally causing changes in behavior and low self-esteem. â€Å"For example, the parents may use extreme or bizarre forms of punishment, such as confinement of a child in a dark closet, and less severe acts, such as habitual scapegoating, belittling, or rejecting treatment† (NCCANCH). Children who suffer from this type of abuse grow up being called bad things and never really knowing what love is, take 10-year old Carla for example. She was both physically and emotionally abused. She was neglected; the only attention she got was bad attention. Her mother called her worthless and some of her mother’s boyfriends hit her. Childabuse.org was there for her and now Carla is doing much better (Bob Cooper). Emotional abuse, in my opinion, is a terrible type of abuse that a child could go through. Although it ma y not seem too harsh, it causes many social problems for the child. These social problems include, fear of meeting people, shyness, withdrawing from classmates, and an introverted personality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, there is physical abuse. Physical abuse is when the child has â€Å"physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking or otherwise harming a child.